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Sport Genealogy
Rules came from this sport
Borrowed something from this sport
Historians disagree
Year is an estimate
No longer played
1500
1800
1850
1875
1900
1950
2000
1500
1800
1850
1875
1900
1950
2000
Football
Stick and ball
Hand and net
Racket and wall
Bat and ball
Aim and roll
Harrow football → Cambridge rules football: same 1848 compromise
Rugby School football → Cambridge rules football: same 1848 compromise
Winchester College football → Cambridge rules football: same 1848 compromise
Rugby School football → Sheffield rules football: Tony Collins shows textual overlap with the Rugby School rules of 1851; Adrian Harvey denies any public-school source and says the rules came from ideas current in wider society
Sheffield rules football → Association football: eight of the twelve FA law changes of 1863-70 came from Sheffield, plus the corner kick (1872); codes merged 1877
Eton field game → Australian rules football: J. B. Thompson (1860, 1871): the committee weighed the Rugby, Eton, Harrow and Winchester rules
Harrow football → Australian rules football: named by Thompson in 1871 among the rules considered
Winchester College football → Australian rules football: named by Thompson in 1871 among the rules considered
Australian rules football → Gaelic football: Joe Lennon and Aaron Dunne find the 1885 rules copy the Victorian rules of 1866 and 1877, some nearly verbatim; Collins says the GAA 'hybridised Australian rules and soccer'; no archival proof of the borrowing
Association football → Gaelic football: Collins: the GAA hybridised Australian rules and soccer to set the game apart from rugby
Hurling → Gaelic football: the first rules show the influence of hurling
Australian rules football → International rules football: same compromise
Association football → American football: college games of 1869-75 used rules based on the FA's 1863 laws; these were dropped for rugby in 1876, so nothing in today's rules comes down this line
Association football → Water polo: goal posts 'similar to those in football' and a throwing rather than carrying game came in with the Scottish rule changes of 1879
Basketball → Futsal: five players a side and 40 minutes
Water polo → Futsal: goalkeeper rules
Field handball → Futsal: court and goal size
Field hockey → Futsal: substitution rules; the source says only 'hockey'
Rugby league → Tag rugby: OzTag, started 1992 by league player Perry Haddock, follows rugby league
Basketball → Wheelchair rugby: made for players shut out of wheelchair basketball; played on a basketball court
Rugby union → Wheelchair rugby: page lists elements from wheelchair basketball, ice hockey, handball and rugby union
Ice hockey → Wheelchair rugby: same list
Handball → Wheelchair rugby: same list
Ice hockey → Rink bandy: played on the ice hockey rink, with hockey-style periods as an option
Ice hockey → Rinkball: described as combining bandy, rink bandy and ice hockey
Bandy → Ice hockey: Wikipedia 'Bandy': informal bandy in North America 'and elements from the early game had become absorbed into a new sport of ice hockey'. Not a rule-level borrowing; bandy's own rules (1882) are later than Montreal's (1877).
Ice hockey → Ringette: played on a hockey rink, on skates, first by former high school hockey players
Bandy → Floorball: Wikipedia: stick design 'is believed to have come from' bandy, and the Swedish and Finnish names mean 'indoor bandy'. Name and stick only; no bandy rule was taken over.
Polo → Rink hockey: Wikipedia: 'first known as roller polo due to the introduction of polo in 1876, skaters took polo to the rinks'
Rink hockey → Inline hockey: grew inside the roller skating bodies that ran the ball game on quad skates
Ice hockey → Box lacrosse: created by NHL arena owners to fill hockey rinks in summer; the rink is the playing area
Polo → Polocrosse: the English exercise used polo sticks fitted with netted squash-racket heads; one horse per player
Lacrosse → Polocrosse: netted stick to carry and throw the ball
Association football → Basketball: Naismith reviewed rugby, lacrosse, soccer, football, hockey and baseball and took the soccer ball as the safest ball; only the ball is a documented borrowing
Six-on-six basketball → Netball: American women's rules (zones) were brought in by the American teacher Miss Porter in 1897
Lawn tennis → Volleyball: Morgan's own account, quoted by the FIVB: tennis was rejected for its equipment 'but the idea of a net seemed a good one'
Basketball → Volleyball: designed as a gentler alternative to basketball; first ball tried was a basketball bladder, then the basketball itself (FIVB quoting Morgan)
American handball → Volleyball: Wikipedia: Morgan examined the rules of handball (the American wall game, not team handball, which did not exist in 1895); which element he took is not stated
Fistball → Volleyball: German reference works (wissen.de) say volleyball was developed under the influence of Faustball; the FIVB history, Morgan's quoted account and English and German Wikipedia do not mention it
Newcomb ball → Volleyball: a 1996 academic article speculated Newcomb ball preceded and influenced volleyball; Wikipedia otherwise treats the two 1895 inventions as independent
Badminton → Sepak takraw: played on a badminton doubles court; the 1945 Penang version used 'a net and tenets like badminton'
Association football → Footvolley: ball-touch rules taken from association football
Association football → Teqball: played with a football using football touches
Table tennis → Teqball: played over a curved table in table-tennis fashion
Volleyball → Roundnet: inspired primarily by concepts from volleyball (three touches, spike)
Association football → Field handball: Schelenz took the playing field, team size and referees from football
Håndbold → Handball: Nielsen's 1906 rules are the first written rules and were seven a side; German Wikipedia credits Denmark and Sweden with developing the indoor game; sources differ on whether the Danish or the German rules are the main line
Handball → Tchoukball: played with the hands and a handball-like ball
Volleyball → Tchoukball: defending team must keep the ball from landing
Rugby union → Quadball: US Quadball describes the sport as a mix of elements from rugby, dodgeball and tag (tackling)
Lawn tennis → Frontenis: Started by Mexican tennis players hitting a tennis ball against the wall with tennis rackets.
Real tennis → Rackets: The implement: prisoners used tennis rackets.
Rackets → Lawn tennis: Wingfield adopted the rackets scoring, games of 15 points called aces; dropped for real tennis scoring by 1877.
Basque pelota → Lawn tennis: Wikipedia says Gem and Perera's 1859-65 game mixed rackets with Basque pelota. This is their game, not Wingfield's, and how much of it reached the 1875-77 rules is not settled.
Lawn tennis → Platform tennis: Tennis scoring.
Platform tennis → Padel: Wikipedia says he added elements of platform tennis; the LTA lists platform tennis as a forerunner. The federation's own history names no forerunner at all.
Squash → Padel: Wikipedia says he 'modified his squash court'; the federation says he built the court in his yard for lack of space for tennis.
Paddle tennis → Padel: Red Bull's history says Corcuera had tried paddle tennis on a trip to the United States; a 2013 paper by Sanchez-Alcaraz lists this as one of two competing origin stories.
Beach volleyball → Beach tennis: Played over the volleyball nets already on the beach; the ball may not bounce.
Squash → Crossminton: Wikipedia: combines elements of badminton, squash and tennis.
Lawn tennis → Crossminton: Wikipedia: combines elements of badminton, squash and tennis.
Table tennis → Pickleball: First played with ping-pong paddles.
Lawn tennis → Pickleball: Net lowered to 36 inches, a height Wikipedia likens to tennis.
Paddle tennis → Paddleball: Riskey saw tennis players practicing on the handball courts with paddle tennis paddles.
American handball → Racquetball: Rules drew on handball, and it is played on the handball court.
Squash → Racquetball: Rules drew on squash; strung racket.
Baseball → Pesäpallo: Pihkala 'adopted the number of bases, contested bases, and runs as scoring units from baseball'.
Lawn tennis → Vigoro: original version was played with tennis rackets
Association football → Footgolf: takes the ball and the kick from football; inspired by a Tottenham Hotspur training game
Carom billiards → English billiards: took the red ball and the cannon from the French carambole game
English billiards → Pool: Wikipedia lists English billiards (as American four-ball) as the other English game behind American pool, the less influential of the two
American football → Ultimate: Joel Silver learned a team disc game from Jared Kass, whose Amherst group (1965-66) built it 'based on concepts from American football, basketball, and soccer': scoring by a pass caught over a goal line (end zone)
Basketball → Ultimate: same passage: no travelling with the disc
Association football → Ultimate: same passage; no specific element named
Medieval football → Rugby School football: school game grown from English folk football; Wikipedia says the folk games 'may be regarded as the ancestors of modern codes'
Medieval football → Eton field game: school game grown from English folk football
Medieval football → Harrow football: school game grown from English folk football
Medieval football → Winchester College football: began as an unstructured street game
Eton field game → Cambridge rules football: 1848 rules were a compromise drawn up by old boys of Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury
Medieval football → Sheffield rules football: local kicking games of Sheffield and nearby villages (Harvey's view)
Cambridge rules football → Association football: Morley put the 1863 Cambridge rules to the FA on 24 Nov 1863; they swung the vote against carrying and hacking and the offside law was taken almost verbatim
Rugby School football → Rugby union: first RFU laws written by three Old Rugbeian lawyers (Rutter, Holmes, Maton)
Rugby union → Rugby league: Northern Rugby Football Union broke from the RFU in 1895 over broken-time payments
Rugby School football → Australian rules football: Wills learned the game at Rugby; founders stripped out hacking; Wills's biographer says he was 'almost solely influenced by his experience at Rugby School'; supported by Blainey, Sandercock, Turner, Collins
Caid → Gaelic football: traditional account; Garnham and most Irish historians say Gaelic football did not exist before the 1880s and the link is spurious
Gaelic football → International rules football: compromise code for matches between Gaelic and Australian players
Rugby union → American football: Massasoit House convention of 1876 adopted rules based largely on the RFU code; Walter Camp's changes of 1880-83 turned it into a new game
Rugby School football → Canadian football: grew from rugby football brought by British settlers and garrisons in the 1860s, before the RFU existed; stayed 'rugby football' in name until the Burnside rules
Rugby union → Water polo: Wikipedia: began as 'a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes', a wrestling, ball-carrying game; Scottish swimming archive says only that Wilson's handling game was modelled on football
Association football → Futsal: ball-control rules taken from football
Association football → Beach soccer: rules are based on the Laws of the Game with modifications
American football → Arena football: American football reworked for a hockey-sized indoor field with rebound nets
American football → Flag football: gridiron football with flag-pulling in place of tackling
Rugby league → Touch: rugby league training game made into a sport by two South Sydney Junior Rugby League Club men
Rugby union → Tag rugby: first played by the Gibraltar Rugby Football Union for lack of grass pitches; Leonard wrote his rules from a sailor's account of it
Hurling → Camogie: rules for a women's game drawn up from hurling in 1903
Hurling → Shinty: shinty and hurling are described as sharing one Gaelic stick-and-ball game; no source opened gives a documented rule transfer
Folk hockey → Field hockey: Teddington cricketers reworked the old English game on a cricket outfield with a cricket ball
Field hockey → Indoor hockey: field hockey moved into halls in Germany, with its own FIH rulebook
Folk hockey → Bandy: the English stick-and-ball game played on frozen fen meadows; the opened sources do not spell out the link
Bandy → Rink bandy: bandy cut down to fit an ice hockey rink
Rink bandy → Rinkball: Wikipedia: 'Rink bandy has in turn led to the creation of the sport of rinkball'
Field hockey → Ice hockey: Wikipedia 'History of ice hockey': six of the seven 1877 Gazette rules were 'largely based on six of the Hockey Association's twelve rules, with only minor differences (even the word ball was kept)'; the Creighton article calls them 'virtually identical to previously published field hockey rules'. The other view, also in the Creighton and first-indoor-game articles, is that he brought the informal Halifax game, which 'according to some historians' grew out of shinty; the Halifax Rules were only written down in 1943 and 'no contemporary sources confirm' them.
Ice hockey → Floor hockey: Wikipedia: floor hockey codes 'derived from ice hockey', played as 'a playful variant of hockey' in gyms
Floor hockey → Ringette: Jacks put his 1936 floor hockey game (bladeless stick, ring) on ice; the felt ring was soon swapped for a deck tennis ring
Floor hockey → Floorball: the game grew from American plastic-stick gym hockey (Cosom) taken up in Sweden; IFF names Cosom as the root
Field hockey → Rink hockey: the modern game is described as combining field hockey and bandy on skates; no rule-level source opened
Ice hockey → Inline hockey: 1940 rules taken from an NHL booklet
Stickball → Lacrosse: Beers 'codified the aboriginal game into modern lacrosse'; Montreal players learned it from the Mohawk of Kahnawake
Lacrosse → Box lacrosse: field lacrosse moved indoors
Polo → Cycle polo: polo on bicycles, played on grass in chukkas
Basketball → Six-on-six basketball: Berenson modified Naismith's rules: court split into zones players could not leave, dribble limit, no snatching
Basketball → Netball: Osterberg introduced basketball to her students 1893; an American lecturer, Dr Toles, taught it more formally 1895; moved outdoors onto grass with netted rings
Six-on-six basketball → Ringboll: Dutch Wikipedia states ringboll was itself derived from women's basketball; no primary source opened
Ringboll → Korfball: Broekhuysen simplified ringboll and replaced the ring with a basket; kept zones and mixed teams
Volleyball → Beach volleyball: indoor game moved to sand; hardened into two-a-side on a smaller court with stricter setting rules and block counting as a touch
Sepak raga → Sepak takraw: the traditional circle game given a net and two opposing sides
Beach volleyball → Footvolley: field rules are based on beach volleyball rules
Volleyball → Ecua-volley: described as a variant of volleyball invented in Ecuador
Torball → Field handball: Schelenz added dribbling, allowed contact and shrank the ball
Field handball → Handball: English Wikipedia calls the 1917 Berlin rules (Heiser, Schelenz, Konigh), revised 1919, 'the modern set of rules'; German Wikipedia derives the indoor game from Schelenz's rules
Handball → Beach handball: handball moved to sand: four a side, two sets, two-point spectacular goals, shootout tiebreak
Jeu de paume → Real tennis: Wikipedia: evolved over three centuries from the racketless ball game played in France from around the 12th century.
Jeu de paume → Valencian pilota: Wikipedia: 'commonly supposed to have been derived from the medieval jeu de paume'; Joan Lluis Vives (16th c.) called the two games the same.
Jeu de paume → Basque pelota: Wikipedia: after jeu de paume declined around 1700, Basque local forms (pasaka, laxoa) turned into pelota.
Basque pelota → Jai alai: Wikipedia: 'a variation of Basque pelota', known in the Basque Country as zesta-punta.
Basque pelota → Frontenis: Played on a pelota court and governed by the Basque pelota federation.
Jeu de paume → Fives: Wikipedia: fives derives from French jeu de paume.
Fives → Eton fives: School form of the older hand game, fixed by the 1877 'Rules of the Game of Fives as played at Eton'.
Fives → Rugby fives: Wikipedia: believed to derive from Wessex fives, which Thomas Arnold learned at Warminster and took to Rugby School.
Gaelic handball → American handball: Wikipedia traces the US game to Irish immigrants.
Fives → Rackets: Wikipedia: historians generally say prisoners modified fives by using tennis rackets to speed up play.
Rackets → Squash: Wikipedia (both articles): began in the 19th century as an offshoot of rackets at Harrow School.
Real tennis → Lawn tennis: Wingfield's patent was for a 'New and Improved Court for Playing the Ancient Game of Tennis'; Wikipedia: developed from the indoor game of real tennis once rubber balls bounced on grass.
Lawn tennis → Soft tennis: Tennis adapted in Japan with a hollow rubber ball and its own racket.
Lawn tennis → Table tennis: Wikipedia: 'derived from tennis'; early scoring was the same as lawn tennis.
Lawn tennis → Paddle tennis: Tennis on a smaller court with a lower net and a solid paddle.
Paddle tennis → Platform tennis: Cogswell bought paddle tennis paddles and balls and played with them on the platform; the first association was named for paddle tennis.
Lawn tennis → Padel: International Padel Federation: Corcuera was a tennis enthusiast without room for a full court, and built a smaller walled one with a tennis net.
Lawn tennis → Beach tennis: Started by tennis players using their rackets on the beach.
Battledore and shuttlecock → Badminton: Wikipedia: developed in the mid-19th century among British officers in India as a variant of battledore and shuttlecock, with sides and a net; 'its exact origin remains obscure'. The Badminton House article notes the rival story that the Duke of Beaufort's children invented it there in 1863.
Badminton → Crossminton: Badminton without a net, with a heavier shuttle and two separated squares.
Badminton → Pickleball: USA Pickleball: played on an old badminton court, first with the net at badminton height, and Pritchard, Bell and McCallum 'created rules, relying heavily on badminton'.
American handball → Paddleball: Played on handball courts with the walls in place of a net.
Paddleball → Racquetball: Wikipedia: Sobek designed a strung paddle and based his rules on squash, handball and paddleball; the paddleball article calls racquetball 'derived from four wall paddleball'.
Stoolball → Cricket: David Block calls stoolball 'a likely parent of cricket, which developed independently'; Stoolball England says 'probably cricket too'. Wikipedia's History of cricket to 1725 says there is 'no evidence of cricket having evolved from another bat-and-ball sport', and a 2009 theory has it imported from Flanders.
Stoolball → English base-ball: Block: baseball's 'most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and tut-ball', with tut-ball suggested as the immediate predecessor of English base-ball. Thorn is more cautious: these games 'are likely to be close cousins' but 'exactly how, or how closely, has not been established'.
English base-ball → Rounders: Block: both came from English base-ball; rounders is the later English name and form ('the name baseball was superseded by the name rounders in England'). The word rounders is not recorded before 1827/1828.
English base-ball → Town ball: Block: English base-ball arrived in colonial America and developed into regional forms such as town ball and the New York game. Massachusetts rules codified local games called 'base' or 'round ball'.
English base-ball → Baseball: Block (2005): baseball descends from English base-ball, brought by colonists and developed independently in America; Thorn: 'the game was not invented so much as it was accreted'.
Baseball → Softball: George Hancock's indoor baseball, Farragut Boat Club, Chicago, 1887; his 1889 rules appended 19 special rules to the outdoor baseball rules and were adopted by the Mid Winter Indoor Baseball League.
Rounders → British baseball: National Rounders Association and South Wales Rounders Association wrote new adult rules on the base of rounders and in 1892 dropped the name 'rounders' for 'baseball'.
Kuningaspallo → Pesäpallo: Lauri Pihkala developed kuningaspallo into pitkapallo (1914-15) and then into pesapallo; kept the vertical pitch and putting a runner out by hitting them with the ball.
Baseball → Kickball: Nicholas Seuss's 1917 Playground Book gives 12 rules and a diamond for 'Kick Base Ball'.
Baseball → Wiffle ball: David Mullany's 1953 backyard baseball with a perforated plastic ball; no base running
Baseball → Baseball5: World Baseball Softball Confederation created it in 2017 as a five-a-side, hand-hit, no-pitcher version, modeled on Latin American street games (Cuban 'cuatro esquinas', Venezuelan 'pelotica de goma').
Cricket → Indoor cricket: netted-court version developed in Perth, Western Australia, in the late 1970s; shortened running, bonus runs for hitting net zones
Cricket → Vigoro: invented 1901 by John George Grant, combining cricket and tennis
Cricket → Kilikiti: grew from the cricket English missionaries brought to Samoa in the early 19th century
Ground billiards → Jeu de mail: Wikipedia (citing Stein & Rubino, Shamos): ground billiards 'appears to have been ancestral to' jeu de mail; pall-mall article calls jeu de mail 'a French form of ground billiards'
Jeu de mail → Pall-mall: 'pall-mall is an early modern development from jeu de mail'
Pall-mall → Croquet: Two theories. Britannica 1877 and others: descends from pall-mall. Irish theory: came from Ireland (crookey, 1830s), perhaps from Brittany. Neither has a pre-1858 document showing the croquet stroke. Both are placed inside the ground-billiards tradition.
Croquet → Roque: American adaptation of croquet: walled clay court, ten arches, short mallets; National Croquet Association (1882) became the National Roque Association in 1899
Croquet → Gateball: Suzuki revised croquet's rules: small court, numbered balls 1-10, two teams of five, 30-minute games
Colf → Kolf: colf moved onto short courts beside inns and then indoors, becoming kolf
Colf → Golf: Disputed. Van Hengel (Early Golf, 1982) and Geert & Sara Nijs: colf came first (1261) and reached Scotland with Low Countries traders; scottishgolfhistory.org says most historians now accept colf supplied some elements. Against: the R&A and the Wikipedia golf article hold that the modern game originated in Scotland; the St Andrews Flemish project calls the link plausible but unproven and allows independent origin. 'Influence' may be the safer kind.
Golf → Miniature golf: putting-only offshoot of golf played on small built courses
Golf → Disc golf: PDGA: throw from a tee toward a target in the fewest throws, scored as in golf; Wikipedia: 'rules similar to golf'
Golf → Footgolf: played on golf courses to golf's fewest-strokes scoring with a larger cup
Ground billiards → Table billiards: Shamos (BCA history essay): evolved from a 15th-century lawn game similar to croquet, moved indoors onto a green-cloth table, at first with a hoop and an upright stick. Wikipedia: late 17th-century indoor billiards 'was essentially the same game' as ground billiards.
Table billiards → Carom billiards: pocketless three-ball development of early table billiards
Table billiards → English billiards: merged the two-ball pocket games called the winning game and the losing game
Table billiards → Pyramid pool: a pocket game on the billiard table; the source gives no more specific parent
Pyramid pool → Pool: fifteen-ball pool was 'developed in America in the nineteenth century from pyramid pool'
Pyramid pool → Eight-ball: 'a modification of pyramid pool': each side pockets half the balls, 8 ball last. Could equally hang off 'pool', which was the American form of pyramid pool by then.
Pool → Nine-ball: grew up as a pool-hall game on existing pool equipment; no specific parent game is documented
Pyramid pool → Snooker: Combined pyramids (15 reds in a triangle) with black pool, a colored-ball pool game. Black pool has no entry here because no source opened gave its dates.
Nine-pin bowling → Skittles: British branch of the continental nine-pin games (German kegeln, French quilles); the word comes from the same Germanic root
Nine-pin bowling → Ten-pin bowling: ninepins with a tenth pin in a triangle. The usual story (added to dodge the 1841 Connecticut ban) fails on dates: see rejected.
Ten-pin bowling → Candlepin bowling: source says only that it 'evolved from traditional pin bowling' in a bowling hall; ten-pin is my reading
Ten-pin bowling → Duckpin bowling: ten-pin with shorter pins, a small ball and three rolls a frame
Ten-pin bowling → Five-pin bowling: Ryan 'cut five tenpins down to about 75% of their size' and used hand-sized rubber balls
Jeu provençal → Pétanque: Ernest Pitiot adapted jeu provencal for Jules Lenoir, who could no longer run: feet planted in a circle, shorter pitch
Medieval football
c. 1175
Caid
c. 1308–1885
Rugby School football
1803–1871
Eton field game
1840
Harrow football
c. 1840
Winchester College football
c. 1650
Cambridge rules football
1848–1863
Sheffield rules football
1857–1877
Association football
1863
Rugby union
1871
Rugby league
1895
Australian rules football
1858
Gaelic football
1885
International rules football
1967
American football
1876
Canadian football
1861
Water polo
1877
Futsal
1930
Beach soccer
c. 1940
Arena football
1987
Flag football
c. 1942
Touch
1968
Tag rugby
c. 1983
Wheelchair rugby
1976
Folk hockey
1773
Hurling
c. 650
Camogie
1904
Shinty
1879
Field hockey
1849
Indoor hockey
c. 1950
Bandy
1813
Rink bandy
c. 1965
Rinkball
c. 1965
Ice hockey
1875
Floor hockey
1936
Ringette
1963
Floorball
c. 1968
Rink hockey
1878
Inline hockey
c. 1938
Stickball
1637
Lacrosse
1856
Box lacrosse
c. 1922
Polo
c. 500 BCE
Polocrosse
1939
Cycle polo
1891
Basketball
1891
Six-on-six basketball
1892–1995
Netball
1893
Ringboll
c. 1901
Korfball
1902
Volleyball
1895
Beach volleyball
1915
Newcomb ball
1895
Fistball
240
Sepak raga
c. 1450
Sepak takraw
1935
Footvolley
1965
Teqball
2014
Ecua-volley
c. 1944
Roundnet
1989
Håndbold
1897
Torball
1915–1919
Field handball
1919–1975
Handball
1935
Beach handball
1992
Tchoukball
1970
Quadball
2005
Jeu de paume
c. 1200
Real tennis
c. 1500
Valencian pilota
1391
Basque pelota
c. 1800
Jai alai
c. 1875
Frontenis
c. 1900
Fives
1287
Eton fives
1840
Rugby fives
c. 1857
Gaelic handball
1527
American handball
c. 1873
Rackets
c. 1750
Squash
c. 1830
Lawn tennis
1874
Soft tennis
c. 1884
Table tennis
c. 1883
Paddle tennis
1898
Platform tennis
1928
Padel
1969
Beach tennis
c. 1972
Battledore and shuttlecock
c. 1590–1930
Badminton
1860
Crossminton
2001
Pickleball
1965
Paddleball
1930
Racquetball
1950
Stoolball
1450
Cricket
c. 1550
English base-ball
c. 1744–1900
Rounders
1828
Town ball
c. 1831–1865
Baseball
1845
Softball
1887
British baseball
1892
Kuningaspallo
c. 1903–1922
Pesäpallo
1920
Lapta
c. 1350
Oină
c. 1364
Schlagball
1796
Kickball
1917
Wiffle ball
1953
Baseball5
2017
Indoor cricket
c. 1968
Vigoro
1901
Kilikiti
c. 1830
Ground billiards
c. 1300–1800
Jeu de mail
1416–1900
Pall-mall
c. 1550–1800
Croquet
1834
Roque
c. 1885
Gateball
1947
Colf
1261–1700
Kolf
c. 1700
Golf
1457
Miniature golf
1867
Disc golf
c. 1964
Footgolf
2008
Table billiards
c. 1470–1800
Carom billiards
c. 1750
English billiards
c. 1800
Pyramid pool
1795–1900
Pool
c. 1840
Eight-ball
c. 1900
Nine-ball
c. 1920
Snooker
1875
Nine-pin bowling
c. 1300
Skittles
1634
Ten-pin bowling
c. 1810
Candlepin bowling
1880
Duckpin bowling
1893
Five-pin bowling
c. 1909
Bowls
1299
Bocce
1753
Jeu provençal
c. 1850
Pétanque
1907
Curling
1511
Ultimate
1968
1000
1500
1700
1750
1800
1825
1850
1875
1900
1925
1950
1975
2000
2025
1000
1500
1700
1750
1800
1825
1850
1875
1900
1925
1950
1975
2000
2025
Football
Stick and ball
Hand and net
Racket and wall
Bat and ball
Aim and roll
Harrow football → Cambridge rules football: same 1848 compromise
Rugby School football → Cambridge rules football: same 1848 compromise
Winchester College football → Cambridge rules football: same 1848 compromise
Rugby School football → Sheffield rules football: Tony Collins shows textual overlap with the Rugby School rules of 1851; Adrian Harvey denies any public-school source and says the rules came from ideas current in wider society
Sheffield rules football → Association football: eight of the twelve FA law changes of 1863-70 came from Sheffield, plus the corner kick (1872); codes merged 1877
Eton field game → Australian rules football: J. B. Thompson (1860, 1871): the committee weighed the Rugby, Eton, Harrow and Winchester rules
Harrow football → Australian rules football: named by Thompson in 1871 among the rules considered
Winchester College football → Australian rules football: named by Thompson in 1871 among the rules considered
Australian rules football → Gaelic football: Joe Lennon and Aaron Dunne find the 1885 rules copy the Victorian rules of 1866 and 1877, some nearly verbatim; Collins says the GAA 'hybridised Australian rules and soccer'; no archival proof of the borrowing
Association football → Gaelic football: Collins: the GAA hybridised Australian rules and soccer to set the game apart from rugby
Hurling → Gaelic football: the first rules show the influence of hurling
Australian rules football → International rules football: same compromise
Association football → American football: college games of 1869-75 used rules based on the FA's 1863 laws; these were dropped for rugby in 1876, so nothing in today's rules comes down this line
Association football → Water polo: goal posts 'similar to those in football' and a throwing rather than carrying game came in with the Scottish rule changes of 1879
Basketball → Futsal: five players a side and 40 minutes
Water polo → Futsal: goalkeeper rules
Field handball → Futsal: court and goal size
Field hockey → Futsal: substitution rules; the source says only 'hockey'
Rugby league → Tag rugby: OzTag, started 1992 by league player Perry Haddock, follows rugby league
Basketball → Wheelchair rugby: made for players shut out of wheelchair basketball; played on a basketball court
Rugby union → Wheelchair rugby: page lists elements from wheelchair basketball, ice hockey, handball and rugby union
Ice hockey → Wheelchair rugby: same list
Handball → Wheelchair rugby: same list
Ice hockey → Rink bandy: played on the ice hockey rink, with hockey-style periods as an option
Ice hockey → Rinkball: described as combining bandy, rink bandy and ice hockey
Bandy → Ice hockey: Wikipedia 'Bandy': informal bandy in North America 'and elements from the early game had become absorbed into a new sport of ice hockey'. Not a rule-level borrowing; bandy's own rules (1882) are later than Montreal's (1877).
Ice hockey → Ringette: played on a hockey rink, on skates, first by former high school hockey players
Bandy → Floorball: Wikipedia: stick design 'is believed to have come from' bandy, and the Swedish and Finnish names mean 'indoor bandy'. Name and stick only; no bandy rule was taken over.
Polo → Rink hockey: Wikipedia: 'first known as roller polo due to the introduction of polo in 1876, skaters took polo to the rinks'
Rink hockey → Inline hockey: grew inside the roller skating bodies that ran the ball game on quad skates
Ice hockey → Box lacrosse: created by NHL arena owners to fill hockey rinks in summer; the rink is the playing area
Polo → Polocrosse: the English exercise used polo sticks fitted with netted squash-racket heads; one horse per player
Lacrosse → Polocrosse: netted stick to carry and throw the ball
Association football → Basketball: Naismith reviewed rugby, lacrosse, soccer, football, hockey and baseball and took the soccer ball as the safest ball; only the ball is a documented borrowing
Six-on-six basketball → Netball: American women's rules (zones) were brought in by the American teacher Miss Porter in 1897
Lawn tennis → Volleyball: Morgan's own account, quoted by the FIVB: tennis was rejected for its equipment 'but the idea of a net seemed a good one'
Basketball → Volleyball: designed as a gentler alternative to basketball; first ball tried was a basketball bladder, then the basketball itself (FIVB quoting Morgan)
American handball → Volleyball: Wikipedia: Morgan examined the rules of handball (the American wall game, not team handball, which did not exist in 1895); which element he took is not stated
Fistball → Volleyball: German reference works (wissen.de) say volleyball was developed under the influence of Faustball; the FIVB history, Morgan's quoted account and English and German Wikipedia do not mention it
Newcomb ball → Volleyball: a 1996 academic article speculated Newcomb ball preceded and influenced volleyball; Wikipedia otherwise treats the two 1895 inventions as independent
Badminton → Sepak takraw: played on a badminton doubles court; the 1945 Penang version used 'a net and tenets like badminton'
Association football → Footvolley: ball-touch rules taken from association football
Association football → Teqball: played with a football using football touches
Table tennis → Teqball: played over a curved table in table-tennis fashion
Volleyball → Roundnet: inspired primarily by concepts from volleyball (three touches, spike)
Association football → Field handball: Schelenz took the playing field, team size and referees from football
Håndbold → Handball: Nielsen's 1906 rules are the first written rules and were seven a side; German Wikipedia credits Denmark and Sweden with developing the indoor game; sources differ on whether the Danish or the German rules are the main line
Handball → Tchoukball: played with the hands and a handball-like ball
Volleyball → Tchoukball: defending team must keep the ball from landing
Rugby union → Quadball: US Quadball describes the sport as a mix of elements from rugby, dodgeball and tag (tackling)
Lawn tennis → Frontenis: Started by Mexican tennis players hitting a tennis ball against the wall with tennis rackets.
Real tennis → Rackets: The implement: prisoners used tennis rackets.
Rackets → Lawn tennis: Wingfield adopted the rackets scoring, games of 15 points called aces; dropped for real tennis scoring by 1877.
Basque pelota → Lawn tennis: Wikipedia says Gem and Perera's 1859-65 game mixed rackets with Basque pelota. This is their game, not Wingfield's, and how much of it reached the 1875-77 rules is not settled.
Lawn tennis → Platform tennis: Tennis scoring.
Platform tennis → Padel: Wikipedia says he added elements of platform tennis; the LTA lists platform tennis as a forerunner. The federation's own history names no forerunner at all.
Squash → Padel: Wikipedia says he 'modified his squash court'; the federation says he built the court in his yard for lack of space for tennis.
Paddle tennis → Padel: Red Bull's history says Corcuera had tried paddle tennis on a trip to the United States; a 2013 paper by Sanchez-Alcaraz lists this as one of two competing origin stories.
Beach volleyball → Beach tennis: Played over the volleyball nets already on the beach; the ball may not bounce.
Squash → Crossminton: Wikipedia: combines elements of badminton, squash and tennis.
Lawn tennis → Crossminton: Wikipedia: combines elements of badminton, squash and tennis.
Table tennis → Pickleball: First played with ping-pong paddles.
Lawn tennis → Pickleball: Net lowered to 36 inches, a height Wikipedia likens to tennis.
Paddle tennis → Paddleball: Riskey saw tennis players practicing on the handball courts with paddle tennis paddles.
American handball → Racquetball: Rules drew on handball, and it is played on the handball court.
Squash → Racquetball: Rules drew on squash; strung racket.
Baseball → Pesäpallo: Pihkala 'adopted the number of bases, contested bases, and runs as scoring units from baseball'.
Lawn tennis → Vigoro: original version was played with tennis rackets
Association football → Footgolf: takes the ball and the kick from football; inspired by a Tottenham Hotspur training game
Carom billiards → English billiards: took the red ball and the cannon from the French carambole game
English billiards → Pool: Wikipedia lists English billiards (as American four-ball) as the other English game behind American pool, the less influential of the two
American football → Ultimate: Joel Silver learned a team disc game from Jared Kass, whose Amherst group (1965-66) built it 'based on concepts from American football, basketball, and soccer': scoring by a pass caught over a goal line (end zone)
Basketball → Ultimate: same passage: no travelling with the disc
Association football → Ultimate: same passage; no specific element named
Medieval football → Rugby School football: school game grown from English folk football; Wikipedia says the folk games 'may be regarded as the ancestors of modern codes'
Medieval football → Eton field game: school game grown from English folk football
Medieval football → Harrow football: school game grown from English folk football
Medieval football → Winchester College football: began as an unstructured street game
Eton field game → Cambridge rules football: 1848 rules were a compromise drawn up by old boys of Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury
Medieval football → Sheffield rules football: local kicking games of Sheffield and nearby villages (Harvey's view)
Cambridge rules football → Association football: Morley put the 1863 Cambridge rules to the FA on 24 Nov 1863; they swung the vote against carrying and hacking and the offside law was taken almost verbatim
Rugby School football → Rugby union: first RFU laws written by three Old Rugbeian lawyers (Rutter, Holmes, Maton)
Rugby union → Rugby league: Northern Rugby Football Union broke from the RFU in 1895 over broken-time payments
Rugby School football → Australian rules football: Wills learned the game at Rugby; founders stripped out hacking; Wills's biographer says he was 'almost solely influenced by his experience at Rugby School'; supported by Blainey, Sandercock, Turner, Collins
Caid → Gaelic football: traditional account; Garnham and most Irish historians say Gaelic football did not exist before the 1880s and the link is spurious
Gaelic football → International rules football: compromise code for matches between Gaelic and Australian players
Rugby union → American football: Massasoit House convention of 1876 adopted rules based largely on the RFU code; Walter Camp's changes of 1880-83 turned it into a new game
Rugby School football → Canadian football: grew from rugby football brought by British settlers and garrisons in the 1860s, before the RFU existed; stayed 'rugby football' in name until the Burnside rules
Rugby union → Water polo: Wikipedia: began as 'a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes', a wrestling, ball-carrying game; Scottish swimming archive says only that Wilson's handling game was modelled on football
Association football → Futsal: ball-control rules taken from football
Association football → Beach soccer: rules are based on the Laws of the Game with modifications
American football → Arena football: American football reworked for a hockey-sized indoor field with rebound nets
American football → Flag football: gridiron football with flag-pulling in place of tackling
Rugby league → Touch: rugby league training game made into a sport by two South Sydney Junior Rugby League Club men
Rugby union → Tag rugby: first played by the Gibraltar Rugby Football Union for lack of grass pitches; Leonard wrote his rules from a sailor's account of it
Hurling → Camogie: rules for a women's game drawn up from hurling in 1903
Hurling → Shinty: shinty and hurling are described as sharing one Gaelic stick-and-ball game; no source opened gives a documented rule transfer
Folk hockey → Field hockey: Teddington cricketers reworked the old English game on a cricket outfield with a cricket ball
Field hockey → Indoor hockey: field hockey moved into halls in Germany, with its own FIH rulebook
Folk hockey → Bandy: the English stick-and-ball game played on frozen fen meadows; the opened sources do not spell out the link
Bandy → Rink bandy: bandy cut down to fit an ice hockey rink
Rink bandy → Rinkball: Wikipedia: 'Rink bandy has in turn led to the creation of the sport of rinkball'
Field hockey → Ice hockey: Wikipedia 'History of ice hockey': six of the seven 1877 Gazette rules were 'largely based on six of the Hockey Association's twelve rules, with only minor differences (even the word ball was kept)'; the Creighton article calls them 'virtually identical to previously published field hockey rules'. The other view, also in the Creighton and first-indoor-game articles, is that he brought the informal Halifax game, which 'according to some historians' grew out of shinty; the Halifax Rules were only written down in 1943 and 'no contemporary sources confirm' them.
Ice hockey → Floor hockey: Wikipedia: floor hockey codes 'derived from ice hockey', played as 'a playful variant of hockey' in gyms
Floor hockey → Ringette: Jacks put his 1936 floor hockey game (bladeless stick, ring) on ice; the felt ring was soon swapped for a deck tennis ring
Floor hockey → Floorball: the game grew from American plastic-stick gym hockey (Cosom) taken up in Sweden; IFF names Cosom as the root
Field hockey → Rink hockey: the modern game is described as combining field hockey and bandy on skates; no rule-level source opened
Ice hockey → Inline hockey: 1940 rules taken from an NHL booklet
Stickball → Lacrosse: Beers 'codified the aboriginal game into modern lacrosse'; Montreal players learned it from the Mohawk of Kahnawake
Lacrosse → Box lacrosse: field lacrosse moved indoors
Polo → Cycle polo: polo on bicycles, played on grass in chukkas
Basketball → Six-on-six basketball: Berenson modified Naismith's rules: court split into zones players could not leave, dribble limit, no snatching
Basketball → Netball: Osterberg introduced basketball to her students 1893; an American lecturer, Dr Toles, taught it more formally 1895; moved outdoors onto grass with netted rings
Six-on-six basketball → Ringboll: Dutch Wikipedia states ringboll was itself derived from women's basketball; no primary source opened
Ringboll → Korfball: Broekhuysen simplified ringboll and replaced the ring with a basket; kept zones and mixed teams
Volleyball → Beach volleyball: indoor game moved to sand; hardened into two-a-side on a smaller court with stricter setting rules and block counting as a touch
Sepak raga → Sepak takraw: the traditional circle game given a net and two opposing sides
Beach volleyball → Footvolley: field rules are based on beach volleyball rules
Volleyball → Ecua-volley: described as a variant of volleyball invented in Ecuador
Torball → Field handball: Schelenz added dribbling, allowed contact and shrank the ball
Field handball → Handball: English Wikipedia calls the 1917 Berlin rules (Heiser, Schelenz, Konigh), revised 1919, 'the modern set of rules'; German Wikipedia derives the indoor game from Schelenz's rules
Handball → Beach handball: handball moved to sand: four a side, two sets, two-point spectacular goals, shootout tiebreak
Jeu de paume → Real tennis: Wikipedia: evolved over three centuries from the racketless ball game played in France from around the 12th century.
Jeu de paume → Valencian pilota: Wikipedia: 'commonly supposed to have been derived from the medieval jeu de paume'; Joan Lluis Vives (16th c.) called the two games the same.
Jeu de paume → Basque pelota: Wikipedia: after jeu de paume declined around 1700, Basque local forms (pasaka, laxoa) turned into pelota.
Basque pelota → Jai alai: Wikipedia: 'a variation of Basque pelota', known in the Basque Country as zesta-punta.
Basque pelota → Frontenis: Played on a pelota court and governed by the Basque pelota federation.
Jeu de paume → Fives: Wikipedia: fives derives from French jeu de paume.
Fives → Eton fives: School form of the older hand game, fixed by the 1877 'Rules of the Game of Fives as played at Eton'.
Fives → Rugby fives: Wikipedia: believed to derive from Wessex fives, which Thomas Arnold learned at Warminster and took to Rugby School.
Gaelic handball → American handball: Wikipedia traces the US game to Irish immigrants.
Fives → Rackets: Wikipedia: historians generally say prisoners modified fives by using tennis rackets to speed up play.
Rackets → Squash: Wikipedia (both articles): began in the 19th century as an offshoot of rackets at Harrow School.
Real tennis → Lawn tennis: Wingfield's patent was for a 'New and Improved Court for Playing the Ancient Game of Tennis'; Wikipedia: developed from the indoor game of real tennis once rubber balls bounced on grass.
Lawn tennis → Soft tennis: Tennis adapted in Japan with a hollow rubber ball and its own racket.
Lawn tennis → Table tennis: Wikipedia: 'derived from tennis'; early scoring was the same as lawn tennis.
Lawn tennis → Paddle tennis: Tennis on a smaller court with a lower net and a solid paddle.
Paddle tennis → Platform tennis: Cogswell bought paddle tennis paddles and balls and played with them on the platform; the first association was named for paddle tennis.
Lawn tennis → Padel: International Padel Federation: Corcuera was a tennis enthusiast without room for a full court, and built a smaller walled one with a tennis net.
Lawn tennis → Beach tennis: Started by tennis players using their rackets on the beach.
Battledore and shuttlecock → Badminton: Wikipedia: developed in the mid-19th century among British officers in India as a variant of battledore and shuttlecock, with sides and a net; 'its exact origin remains obscure'. The Badminton House article notes the rival story that the Duke of Beaufort's children invented it there in 1863.
Badminton → Crossminton: Badminton without a net, with a heavier shuttle and two separated squares.
Badminton → Pickleball: USA Pickleball: played on an old badminton court, first with the net at badminton height, and Pritchard, Bell and McCallum 'created rules, relying heavily on badminton'.
American handball → Paddleball: Played on handball courts with the walls in place of a net.
Paddleball → Racquetball: Wikipedia: Sobek designed a strung paddle and based his rules on squash, handball and paddleball; the paddleball article calls racquetball 'derived from four wall paddleball'.
Stoolball → Cricket: David Block calls stoolball 'a likely parent of cricket, which developed independently'; Stoolball England says 'probably cricket too'. Wikipedia's History of cricket to 1725 says there is 'no evidence of cricket having evolved from another bat-and-ball sport', and a 2009 theory has it imported from Flanders.
Stoolball → English base-ball: Block: baseball's 'most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and tut-ball', with tut-ball suggested as the immediate predecessor of English base-ball. Thorn is more cautious: these games 'are likely to be close cousins' but 'exactly how, or how closely, has not been established'.
English base-ball → Rounders: Block: both came from English base-ball; rounders is the later English name and form ('the name baseball was superseded by the name rounders in England'). The word rounders is not recorded before 1827/1828.
English base-ball → Town ball: Block: English base-ball arrived in colonial America and developed into regional forms such as town ball and the New York game. Massachusetts rules codified local games called 'base' or 'round ball'.
English base-ball → Baseball: Block (2005): baseball descends from English base-ball, brought by colonists and developed independently in America; Thorn: 'the game was not invented so much as it was accreted'.
Baseball → Softball: George Hancock's indoor baseball, Farragut Boat Club, Chicago, 1887; his 1889 rules appended 19 special rules to the outdoor baseball rules and were adopted by the Mid Winter Indoor Baseball League.
Rounders → British baseball: National Rounders Association and South Wales Rounders Association wrote new adult rules on the base of rounders and in 1892 dropped the name 'rounders' for 'baseball'.
Kuningaspallo → Pesäpallo: Lauri Pihkala developed kuningaspallo into pitkapallo (1914-15) and then into pesapallo; kept the vertical pitch and putting a runner out by hitting them with the ball.
Baseball → Kickball: Nicholas Seuss's 1917 Playground Book gives 12 rules and a diamond for 'Kick Base Ball'.
Baseball → Wiffle ball: David Mullany's 1953 backyard baseball with a perforated plastic ball; no base running
Baseball → Baseball5: World Baseball Softball Confederation created it in 2017 as a five-a-side, hand-hit, no-pitcher version, modeled on Latin American street games (Cuban 'cuatro esquinas', Venezuelan 'pelotica de goma').
Cricket → Indoor cricket: netted-court version developed in Perth, Western Australia, in the late 1970s; shortened running, bonus runs for hitting net zones
Cricket → Vigoro: invented 1901 by John George Grant, combining cricket and tennis
Cricket → Kilikiti: grew from the cricket English missionaries brought to Samoa in the early 19th century
Ground billiards → Jeu de mail: Wikipedia (citing Stein & Rubino, Shamos): ground billiards 'appears to have been ancestral to' jeu de mail; pall-mall article calls jeu de mail 'a French form of ground billiards'
Jeu de mail → Pall-mall: 'pall-mall is an early modern development from jeu de mail'
Pall-mall → Croquet: Two theories. Britannica 1877 and others: descends from pall-mall. Irish theory: came from Ireland (crookey, 1830s), perhaps from Brittany. Neither has a pre-1858 document showing the croquet stroke. Both are placed inside the ground-billiards tradition.
Croquet → Roque: American adaptation of croquet: walled clay court, ten arches, short mallets; National Croquet Association (1882) became the National Roque Association in 1899
Croquet → Gateball: Suzuki revised croquet's rules: small court, numbered balls 1-10, two teams of five, 30-minute games
Colf → Kolf: colf moved onto short courts beside inns and then indoors, becoming kolf
Colf → Golf: Disputed. Van Hengel (Early Golf, 1982) and Geert & Sara Nijs: colf came first (1261) and reached Scotland with Low Countries traders; scottishgolfhistory.org says most historians now accept colf supplied some elements. Against: the R&A and the Wikipedia golf article hold that the modern game originated in Scotland; the St Andrews Flemish project calls the link plausible but unproven and allows independent origin. 'Influence' may be the safer kind.
Golf → Miniature golf: putting-only offshoot of golf played on small built courses
Golf → Disc golf: PDGA: throw from a tee toward a target in the fewest throws, scored as in golf; Wikipedia: 'rules similar to golf'
Golf → Footgolf: played on golf courses to golf's fewest-strokes scoring with a larger cup
Ground billiards → Table billiards: Shamos (BCA history essay): evolved from a 15th-century lawn game similar to croquet, moved indoors onto a green-cloth table, at first with a hoop and an upright stick. Wikipedia: late 17th-century indoor billiards 'was essentially the same game' as ground billiards.
Table billiards → Carom billiards: pocketless three-ball development of early table billiards
Table billiards → English billiards: merged the two-ball pocket games called the winning game and the losing game
Table billiards → Pyramid pool: a pocket game on the billiard table; the source gives no more specific parent
Pyramid pool → Pool: fifteen-ball pool was 'developed in America in the nineteenth century from pyramid pool'
Pyramid pool → Eight-ball: 'a modification of pyramid pool': each side pockets half the balls, 8 ball last. Could equally hang off 'pool', which was the American form of pyramid pool by then.
Pool → Nine-ball: grew up as a pool-hall game on existing pool equipment; no specific parent game is documented
Pyramid pool → Snooker: Combined pyramids (15 reds in a triangle) with black pool, a colored-ball pool game. Black pool has no entry here because no source opened gave its dates.
Nine-pin bowling → Skittles: British branch of the continental nine-pin games (German kegeln, French quilles); the word comes from the same Germanic root
Nine-pin bowling → Ten-pin bowling: ninepins with a tenth pin in a triangle. The usual story (added to dodge the 1841 Connecticut ban) fails on dates: see rejected.
Ten-pin bowling → Candlepin bowling: source says only that it 'evolved from traditional pin bowling' in a bowling hall; ten-pin is my reading
Ten-pin bowling → Duckpin bowling: ten-pin with shorter pins, a small ball and three rolls a frame
Ten-pin bowling → Five-pin bowling: Ryan 'cut five tenpins down to about 75% of their size' and used hand-sized rubber balls
Jeu provençal → Pétanque: Ernest Pitiot adapted jeu provencal for Jules Lenoir, who could no longer run: feet planted in a circle, shorter pitch
Medieval football
c. 1175
Caid
c. 1308–1885
Rugby School football
1803–1871
Eton field game
1840
Harrow football
c. 1840
Winchester College football
c. 1650
Cambridge rules football
1848–1863
Sheffield rules football
1857–1877
Association football
1863
Rugby union
1871
Rugby league
1895
Australian rules football
1858
Gaelic football
1885
International rules football
1967
American football
1876
Canadian football
1861
Water polo
1877
Futsal
1930
Beach soccer
c. 1940
Arena football
1987
Flag football
c. 1942
Touch
1968
Tag rugby
c. 1983
Wheelchair rugby
1976
Folk hockey
1773
Hurling
c. 650
Camogie
1904
Shinty
1879
Field hockey
1849
Indoor hockey
c. 1950
Bandy
1813
Rink bandy
c. 1965
Rinkball
c. 1965
Ice hockey
1875
Floor hockey
1936
Ringette
1963
Floorball
c. 1968
Rink hockey
1878
Inline hockey
c. 1938
Stickball
1637
Lacrosse
1856
Box lacrosse
c. 1922
Polo
c. 500 BCE
Polocrosse
1939
Cycle polo
1891
Basketball
1891
Six-on-six basketball
1892–1995
Netball
1893
Ringboll
c. 1901
Korfball
1902
Volleyball
1895
Beach volleyball
1915
Newcomb ball
1895
Fistball
240
Sepak raga
c. 1450
Sepak takraw
1935
Footvolley
1965
Teqball
2014
Ecua-volley
c. 1944
Roundnet
1989
Håndbold
1897
Torball
1915–1919
Field handball
1919–1975
Handball
1935
Beach handball
1992
Tchoukball
1970
Quadball
2005
Jeu de paume
c. 1200
Real tennis
c. 1500
Valencian pilota
1391
Basque pelota
c. 1800
Jai alai
c. 1875
Frontenis
c. 1900
Fives
1287
Eton fives
1840
Rugby fives
c. 1857
Gaelic handball
1527
American handball
c. 1873
Rackets
c. 1750
Squash
c. 1830
Lawn tennis
1874
Soft tennis
c. 1884
Table tennis
c. 1883
Paddle tennis
1898
Platform tennis
1928
Padel
1969
Beach tennis
c. 1972
Battledore and shuttlecock
c. 1590–1930
Badminton
1860
Crossminton
2001
Pickleball
1965
Paddleball
1930
Racquetball
1950
Stoolball
1450
Cricket
c. 1550
English base-ball
c. 1744–1900
Rounders
1828
Town ball
c. 1831–1865
Baseball
1845
Softball
1887
British baseball
1892
Kuningaspallo
c. 1903–1922
Pesäpallo
1920
Lapta
c. 1350
Oină
c. 1364
Schlagball
1796
Kickball
1917
Wiffle ball
1953
Baseball5
2017
Indoor cricket
c. 1968
Vigoro
1901
Kilikiti
c. 1830
Ground billiards
c. 1300–1800
Jeu de mail
1416–1900
Pall-mall
c. 1550–1800
Croquet
1834
Roque
c. 1885
Gateball
1947
Colf
1261–1700
Kolf
c. 1700
Golf
1457
Miniature golf
1867
Disc golf
c. 1964
Footgolf
2008
Table billiards
c. 1470–1800
Carom billiards
c. 1750
English billiards
c. 1800
Pyramid pool
1795–1900
Pool
c. 1840
Eight-ball
c. 1900
Nine-ball
c. 1920
Snooker
1875
Nine-pin bowling
c. 1300
Skittles
1634
Ten-pin bowling
c. 1810
Candlepin bowling
1880
Duckpin bowling
1893
Five-pin bowling
c. 1909
Bowls
1299
Bocce
1753
Jeu provençal
c. 1850
Pétanque
1907
Curling
1511
Ultimate
1968